Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解

2022-10-26,,,,

1背景

在写Python代码和看Python代码时,我们常常可以看到这样的代码:

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def main():
    ......
 
if __name == "__main__":
    main();

其中的函数名main,也可以是其他任意的,你所设置的名字。

这里,就出现了,我们此处所要解释的

__name__和__main__

__name__和__main的含义

其实,对于Python中的这类问题,根据我之前的:

【整理】如何学习Python + 如何有效利用Python有关的网络资源 + 如何利用Python自带手册(Python Manual)

中的介绍,最好的学习的方法,其实就是去看官网文档:

__name__的含义

另外还有几处的解释:

Modules…

Predefined (writable) attributes: __name__ is the module’s name;

… Classes…

Special attributes: __name__ is the class name;

从这几处的解释,我们很容易理解其基本的意思:

__name__,

如果是放在Modules模块中,就表示是模块的名字;

如果是放在Classs类中,就表示类的名字;

__main__的含义

同理,先去官网文档中看对应的解释:

对应的其他几处的解释是:

4.1. Naming and binding

The namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a module is imported. The main module for a script is always called __main__.

8.1. Complete Python programs

While a language specification need not prescribe how the language interpreter is invoked, it is useful to have a notion of a complete Python program. A complete Python program is executed in a minimally initialized environment: all built-in and standard modules are available, but none have been initialized, except for sys (various system services), __builtin__ (built-in functions, exceptions and None) and __main__. The latter is used to provide the local and global namespace for execution of the complete program.

….

The interpreter may also be invoked in interactive mode; in this case, it does not read and execute a complete program but reads and executes one statement (possibly compound) at a time. The initial environment is identical to that of a complete program; each statement is executed in the namespace of __main__.

void Py_Initialize()

Initialize the Python interpreter. In an application embedding Python, this should be called before using any other Python/C API functions; with the exception of Py_SetProgramName(), PyEval_InitThreads(), PyEval_ReleaseLock(), and PyEval_AcquireLock(). This initializes the table of loaded modules (sys.modules), and creates the fundamental modules __builtin__, __main__ and sys.

说实话,对于__main__,上述的解释,并不是那么容易看的懂。

其实要看懂上面的解释,我们首先要知道的一些前提是:

python代码,是可以直接一行行写出来,然后去运行,是可以的。但是这只是针对我们的小程序来说的。

更多的Python代码,是写成更加通用的,可以被调用的,可以重复利用的,模块的形式;

所以都是写在对应的函数里面的。

而作为模块,就是上面的解释中的:

The namespace for a module is automatically created the first time a module is imported. The main module for a script is always called __main__.

模块第一次被导出(import)后,系统会自动为其创建一个域名空间(namespace);

(模块,都是有自己的名字的)此处的脚本的主模块的名字,始终都叫做__main__。

用代码来演示__name__和__main__的含义和用法

示例1

文字解释,还是很容易糊涂的,下面就来借用一个这里:

What is ‘if __name__ == “__main__”‘ for?

的代码来详细解释一下。

作为普通的代码,我们是可以这么写的:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__
 
Version:    2012-11-17
Author:     Crifan
Contact:    http://www.crifan.com/contact_me/
"""
 
def square(x):
    return x * x
 
print "test: square(42) ==",square(42);

对应的,运行结果也是很正常的:

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E:\Dev_Root\python\__name___and___main__>__name___and___main__.py
test: square(42) == 1764

但是呢,往往我们所见到的,和我们以后自己也会遇到的,自己写的,有条理的,可复用的做法,那肯定是

那对应的square等函数,专门放到一个文件中,然后被别人调用,此时,就是这样的:

对应的模块文件是mymath.py,里面有我们实现的函数square:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__
 
Version:    2012-11-17
Author:     Crifan
Contact:    http://www.crifan.com/contact_me/
"""
 
def square(x):
    return x * x
 
print "test: square(42) ==",square(42);

然后别的python文件__name___and___main__.py中,导入此mymath模块,然后使用其square函数:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__
 
Version:    2012-11-17
Author:     Crifan
Contact:    http://www.crifan.com/contact_me/
"""
 
import mymath;
 
print "In caller, test for mymath: square(12)=",mymath.square(12);

然后运行结果是:

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E:\Dev_Root\python\__name___and___main__>__name___and___main__.py
test: square(42) == 1764
In caller, test for mymath: square(12)= 144

此处,我们看到了,也同时出现了,原本用于mymath.py中去测试square函数的打印结果:

test: square(42) == 1764

而这样的内容,很明显,是作为我模块的调用者,不希望看到的。也不关心的。

此时,我们所希望的是:

作为模块mymath.py本身,希望有自己的相关的调试的代码,用于调试自己模块函数,演示如何使用等等代码;

但是又不希望在被别的,本模块的调用者,所执行到,所看到;

此时,就可以用上述的__main__来实现了:

把mymath.py改为:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__
 
Version:    2012-11-17
Author:     Crifan
Contact:    http://www.crifan.com/contact_me/
"""
 
def square(x):
    return x * x
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    print "test: square(42) ==",square(42);

此时:

1. 作为mymath.py本身,自己运行时,可以运行到此处的代码,调试,验证自己的函数square执行的是否正确:

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E:\Dev_Root\python\__name___and___main__>mymath.py
test: square(42) == 1764

2.同时,作为mymath.py的调用者__name___and___main__.py,在import mymath的时候,也不会看到对应的代码执行的结果了:

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E:\Dev_Root\python\__name___and___main__>__name___and___main__.py
In caller, test for mymath: square(12)= 144

其中的__main__,就是:

作为模块mymath.py本身:

作为脚本自己去运行的话,对应的模块名,就是上面所解释的,始终叫做__main__

关于这点,上述代码已经验证过了。因为mymath.py中的__name__,就是对应的,内置的变量,通过判断,的确是__main__,然后才会去执行到对应的模块的测试代码的。
如果被当做一个模块被别人调用的时候,对应的模块mymath.py的模块名,就是mymath;

关于这点,我们可以来验证一下,把__name___and___main__.py改为:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__
 
Version:    2012-11-17
Author:     Crifan
Contact:    http://www.crifan.com/contact_me/
"""
 
import mymath;
 
print "In caller, test for mymath: square(12)=",mymath.square(12);
print "As module be imported, mymath module name=",mymath.__name__;

再去运行,就可以看到输出的结果是mymath了:

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E:\Dev_Root\python\__name___and___main__>__name___and___main__.py
In caller, test for mymath: square(12)= 144
As module be imported, mymath module name= mymath

示例2

另外,这里:

A Byte of Python  – A module’s __name__

也有个例子,相对更加简洁,需要的可以参考一下。

摘录其代码如下:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_name.py
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print 'This program is being run by itself'
else:
    print 'I am being imported from another module'

【总结】

__name__:表示模块,类等的名字;

__main__:模块,xxx.py文件本身:

被直接执行时,对应的模块名就是__main__了

可以在
if __name__ == “__main__”:
中添加你自己想要的,用于测试模块,演示模块用法等代码。
作为模块,被别的Python程序导入(import)时,模块名就是本身文件名xxx了。


【后记 2012-12-27】

后来又专门针对上述的

A Byte of Python  – A module’s __name__

的代码去测试了一下实际效果。

其中,此处由于我中间包含了中文,所以必须添加对应的coding声明,否则,是会出现错误:

D:\tmp\tmp_dev_root\python\tutorial_summary\__name___and___main__>name_and_main.py
File “D:\tmp\tmp_dev_root\python\tutorial_summary\__name___and___main__\name_and_main.py”, line 6
SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character ‘\xe3’ in file
D:\tmp\tmp_dev_root\python\tutorial_summary\__name___and___main__\name_and_main.py
on line 7, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/p
ep-0263.html for details

添加了coding声明后,就正常了。

然后,最终的测试的代码是:

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Filename: name_and_main.py
 
"""
Function:
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__/
 
Author:     Crifan Li
Version:    2012-12-27
Contact:    admin at crifan dot com
"""
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    print 'This program is being run by itself' #This program is being run by itself
else:
    print 'I am being imported from another module'

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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#Filename: caller_demo.py
 
"""
Function:
【整理】Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解
http://www.crifan.com/python_detailed_explain_about___name___and___main__/
 
Author:     Crifan Li
Version:    2012-12-27
Contact:    admin at crifan dot com
"""
 
import name_and_main;
 
print "Demo call name_and_main.py";
# I am being imported from another module
# demo call name_and_main.py

最终,测试出来的效果是:

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D:\tmp\tmp_dev_root\python\tutorial_summary\__name___and___main__>caller_demo.py
I am being imported from another module
Demo call name_and_main.py
 
D:\tmp\tmp_dev_root\python\tutorial_summary\__name___and___main__>name_and_main.py
This program is being run by itself

总的来说,的确是我们所要的效果的,即:

python文件本身自己运行时,显示的是:This program is being run by itself

Python文件被别人import导入时,显示的是:I am being imported from another module

Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解的相关教程结束。

《Python中的__name__和__main__含义详解.doc》

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