如何在Python 中使用UTF-8 编码 && Python 使用 注释,Python ,UTF-8 编码 , Python 注释
PIP
$ pip install beautifulsoup4$ python -m pip install --upgrade pipPyCharm 设置 Python Script 模板内容：
创建.py文件时自动添加 #coding utf8 文件头
File > Settings > Editor > File and Code Templates > Python Script>
#coding utf8参考图片：http://img.imooc.com/57d6c0eb0001d66d05000305.jpg
参考链接：http://www.imooc.com/qadetail/127992
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python spider demo:
# coding:utf8
__author__ = 'xray'
import urllib2
import cookielib url = "https://rollbar.com/docs/" print '第一种方法'
response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response1.getcode()
print len(response1.read()) print '第二种方法'
request = urllib2.Request(url)
request.add_header("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0")
response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response2.getcode()
print response2.read() print '第三种方法'
cj = cookielib.CookiJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response3.getcode()
print cj
print response3.read()zh-CN error:
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如何在Python 中使用UTF-8 编码 && Python 使用 注释
PEP 263 -- Defining Python Source Code Encodings
PEP: 263 Title: Defining Python Source Code Encodings Author: Marc-André Lemburg <mal at lemburg.com>, Martin von Löwis <martin at v.loewis.de> Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 06-Jun-2001 Python-Version: 2.3 Post-History: Abstract
This PEP proposes to introduce a syntax to declare the encoding of
a Python source file. The encoding information is then used by the
Python parser to interpret the file using the given encoding. Most
notably this enhances the interpretation of Unicode literals in
the source code and makes it possible to write Unicode literals
using e.g. UTF-8 directly in an Unicode aware editor.Problem
In Python 2.1, Unicode literals can only be written using the
Latin-1 based encoding "unicode-escape". This makes the
programming environment rather unfriendly to Python users who live
and work in non-Latin-1 locales such as many of the Asian
countries. Programmers can write their 8-bit strings using the
favorite encoding, but are bound to the "unicode-escape" encoding
for Unicode literals.Proposed Solution
I propose to make the Python source code encoding both visible and
changeable on a per-source file basis by using a special comment
at the top of the file to declare the encoding. To make Python aware of this encoding declaration a number of
concept changes are necessary with respect to the handling of
Python source code data.Defining the Encoding
Python will default to ASCII as standard encoding if no other
encoding hints are given. To define a source code encoding, a magic comment must
be placed into the source files either as first or second
line in the file, such as: # coding=<encoding name> or (using formats recognized by popular editors) #!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: <encoding name> -*- or #!/usr/bin/python
# vim: set fileencoding=<encoding name> : More precisely, the first or second line must match the regular
expression "^[ \t\v]*#.*?coding[:=][ \t]*([-_.a-zA-Z0-9]+)".
The first group of this
expression is then interpreted as encoding name. If the encoding
is unknown to Python, an error is raised during compilation. There
must not be any Python statement on the line that contains the
encoding declaration. If the first line matches the second line
is ignored. To aid with platforms such as Windows, which add Unicode BOM marks
to the beginning of Unicode files, the UTF-8 signature
'\xef\xbb\xbf' will be interpreted as 'utf-8' encoding as well
(even if no magic encoding comment is given). If a source file uses both the UTF-8 BOM mark signature and a
magic encoding comment, the only allowed encoding for the comment
is 'utf-8'. Any other encoding will cause an error.Examples
These are some examples to clarify the different styles for
defining the source code encoding at the top of a Python source
file: 1. With interpreter binary and using Emacs style file encoding
comment: #!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: latin-1 -*-
import os, sys
... #!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: iso-8859-15 -*-
import os, sys
... #!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ascii -*-
import os, sys
... 2. Without interpreter line, using plain text: # This Python file uses the following encoding: utf-8
import os, sys
... 3. Text editors might have different ways of defining the file's
encoding, e.g. #!/usr/local/bin/python
# coding: latin-1
import os, sys
... 4. Without encoding comment, Python's parser will assume ASCII
text: #!/usr/local/bin/python
import os, sys
... 5. Encoding comments which don't work: Missing "coding:" prefix: #!/usr/local/bin/python
# latin-1
import os, sys
... Encoding comment not on line 1 or 2: #!/usr/local/bin/python
#
# -*- coding: latin-1 -*-
import os, sys
... Unsupported encoding: #!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-42 -*-
import os, sys
...Concepts
The PEP is based on the following concepts which would have to be
implemented to enable usage of such a magic comment: 1. The complete Python source file should use a single encoding.
Embedding of differently encoded data is not allowed and will
result in a decoding error during compilation of the Python
source code. Any encoding which allows processing the first two lines in the
way indicated above is allowed as source code encoding, this
includes ASCII compatible encodings as well as certain
multi-byte encodings such as Shift_JIS. It does not include
encodings which use two or more bytes for all characters like
e.g. UTF-16. The reason for this is to keep the encoding
detection algorithm in the tokenizer simple. 2. Handling of escape sequences should continue to work as it does
now, but with all possible source code encodings, that is
standard string literals (both 8-bit and Unicode) are subject to
escape sequence expansion while raw string literals only expand
a very small subset of escape sequences. 3. Python's tokenizer/compiler combo will need to be updated to
work as follows: 1. read the file 2. decode it into Unicode assuming a fixed per-file encoding 3. convert it into a UTF-8 byte string 4. tokenize the UTF-8 content 5. compile it, creating Unicode objects from the given Unicode data
and creating string objects from the Unicode literal data
by first reencoding the UTF-8 data into 8-bit string data
using the given file encoding Note that Python identifiers are restricted to the ASCII
subset of the encoding, and thus need no further conversion
after step 4.Implementation
For backwards-compatibility with existing code which currently
uses non-ASCII in string literals without declaring an encoding,
the implementation will be introduced in two phases: 1. Allow non-ASCII in string literals and comments, by internally
treating a missing encoding declaration as a declaration of
"iso-8859-1". This will cause arbitrary byte strings to
correctly round-trip between step 2 and step 5 of the
processing, and provide compatibility with Python 2.2 for
Unicode literals that contain non-ASCII bytes. A warning will be issued if non-ASCII bytes are found in the
input, once per improperly encoded input file. 2. Remove the warning, and change the default encoding to "ascii". The builtin compile() API will be enhanced to accept Unicode as
input. 8-bit string input is subject to the standard procedure for
encoding detection as described above. If a Unicode string with a coding declaration is passed to compile(),
a SyntaxError will be raised. SUZUKI Hisao is working on a patch; see [2] for details. A patch
implementing only phase 1 is available at [1].Phases
Implementation of steps 1 and 2 above were completed in 2.3,
except for changing the default encoding to "ascii". The default encoding was set to "ascii" in version 2.5.Scope
This PEP intends to provide an upgrade path from the current
(more-or-less) undefined source code encoding situation to a more
robust and portable definition.References
[1] Phase 1 implementation:
http://python.org/sf/526840
[2] Phase 2 implementation:
http://python.org/sf/534304History
1.10 and above: see CVS history
1.8: Added '.' to the coding RE.
1.7: Added warnings to phase 1 implementation. Replaced the
Latin-1 default encoding with the interpreter's default
encoding. Added tweaks to compile().
1.4 - 1.6: Minor tweaks
1.3: Worked in comments by Martin v. Loewis:
UTF-8 BOM mark detection, Emacs style magic comment,
two phase approach to the implementationCopyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.Source: https://hg.python.org/peps/file/tip/pep-0263.txt
demo:
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
return HttpResponse('<h1>Hello, this is the first page of my Django(迪亚戈) Web App!</h1>')
# return HttpResponse('<h1>Hello, this is the first page of my Django(迪亚戈) Web App!</h1>')参考链接：
http://www.crifan.com/python_head_meaning_for_usr_bin_python_coding_utf-8/
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xgqfrms/Python/master/DjangoApp/main_app/views.py
https://github.com/xgqfrms/Python/blob/gh-pages/DjangoApp/main_app/views.py
# How to get a DOM element's `::before` content with JavaScript?
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44342065/how-to-get-a-dom-elements-before-content-with-javascript
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