《数据结构与算法分析》课程设计——贪吃蛇问题
中国矿业大学信控学院
/*文献参考*/
https://blog.csdn.net/fdog_/article/details/102625969
https://blog.csdn.net/dy_1024/article/details/78841757
一、问题描述
以数据结构思想设计实现贪吃蛇小游戏。
二、需求分析
首先需要考虑如何设计一个win运行窗口来实时显示结果
然后考虑到蛇的身子是一节一节的，此时最容易联想到的数据结构就是顺序表，链表，如果把蛇比做顺序表或者链表，在之后吃到食物的时候，身子肯定会变长，这就涉及到插入的操作，所以为了更高的效率，我们用链表实现我们的蛇的部分，最初我们把蛇身子按照四个结点打印在屏幕。
对于蛇的移动，在屏幕上面蛇的移动看起来是整个身子向前方平移一个单位，但是其原理是我们在屏幕的另一个地方把蛇从新打印一遍，又把之前的蛇身子去除掉。
对于食物的产生，随机的在地图中产生一个节点，在蛇的头坐标和食物的坐标重复的时候，食物消失，蛇的身子加长，也就是蛇的节点数增加一个。
蛇在其中的几种状态，正常状态：蛇头节点的坐标没有和墙的坐标以及自己身子的坐标重合，
被自己杀死：蛇头的坐标和蛇身子的坐标重合，
撞墙：蛇头的坐标和墙的坐标重合。
三、算法设计
1.相关变量。
1 1.相关变量。 2 int judgesum = 0; //判断是否加快 3 int pause = 200000000; //暂停速度(移动速度) 4 int * pj = &judgedirection; //用指针传值判断移动方向 5 nakebody *end = null; //尾节点
2.创建链表 ，贪吃蛇的身体如何保存是游戏的核心，所以我们需要用到链表来保存蛇的身体，这样就可以随时知道蛇身数据。
1 typedef struct snakebody
2 {
3 int x, y; //蛇身的坐标
4 struct snakebody *next;//保存下一个蛇身的地址
5 }snakebody; //通过typedef将 snakebody 替代 struct snakebody
3.记录食物出现的坐标。
1 typedef struct snakexy
2 {
3 int x;
4 int y;
5 }snakexy; //记录食物坐标
4.绘制初始界面和游戏地图，如图所示。
1 #include<windows.h>
2 #define height 20 //设置地图高度
3 #define width 40 //设置地图宽度
4 #define printf printf("■");
5 #define line printf("\n");
6 #define empty printf(" "); //因为这三个语句经常用，所以我就定义成了宏
7 void front(); //绘制初始界面
8 void deawmap(); //绘制地图
9
10 void front()
11 {
12 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red | foreground_blue);//设置红色和蓝色相加
13 movecursor(18, 15);
14 printf("请等待......");
15 for (int i = 0; i <= 3000000000; i++) {}
16 system("cls");//清屏处理
17 }
18 void deawmap()
19 {
20 for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)printf line //打印上边框
21 for (int i = 1; i < height - 1; i++) //打印左右边框
22 {
23 for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
24 {
25 if (j == 0 || j == width - 1 || j == width - 10)
26 {
27 printf
28 if (j == width - 1)line
29 }
30 else empty
31 }
32 }
33 for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)printf line //打印下边框
34 }
setconsoletextattribute()函数是一个api设置字体颜色和背景色的函数。参数表中使用两个属性（属性之间用，隔开），不同于system()，setconsoletextattribute()可以改变界面多种颜色，而system()只能修改为一种！。
5. 初始化蛇身，刚开始蛇不应该只要一个头，所以我们必须创建几个身体。
1 snakebody *phead = null; //存储着整个蛇身 不可更改
2 snakebody *phead_1 = null; //指向蛇身
3 snakebody *pbady = null; //创建节点
4 void isnake(); //初始化蛇身
5 void isnake()
6 {
7 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)//初始化蛇身拥有五个长度
8 {
9 pbady = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));//创建节点
10 pbady->x = 5 - i;
11 pbady->y = 5;
12 if (phead == null)
13 {
14 phead = pbady;
15 }
16 else
17 {
18 end->next = pbady;
19 }
20 pbady->next = null;
21 end = pbady;
22 }
23 phead_1 = phead;
24 while (phead_1->next != null)//打印蛇身
25 {
26 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
27 printf
28 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
29 }
30 }
6.产生食物，随机产生食物，如果和蛇身体重合则再次随机产生食物。
1 #include<time.h>
2 int sum = 0; //计算得分
3 snakexy * food = null; //保存食物位置
4 void foodrand(); //生成食物
5 void foodrand()
6 {
7 srand((int)time(0));
8 int x = rand() % 27 + 2;//生成随机数
9 int y = rand() % 17 + 2;
10 phead_1 = phead;
11 for (int i = 0; i <= 200; i++)
12 {
13 if (phead_1->x == x && phead_1->y == y)
14 {
15 x = rand() % 27 + 2;
16 y = rand() % 17 + 2;
17 }
18 else
19 {
20 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
21 }
22 if (phead_1->next == null)
23 {
24 break;
25 }
26 }
27 movecursor(x, y);
28 printf
29 food = (snakexy*)malloc(sizeof(snakexy));
30 food->x = x;
31 food->y = y;
32 movecursor(33, 5);
33 printf(" ");
34 showf();
35 sum++;
36 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity);// 蓝
37 }
rand函数功能为获取一个伪随机数，如要产生[m,n]范围内的随机数num，可用int num=rand()%(n-m+1)+m;
7.游戏刷新和暂停 ，按回车可暂停游戏。
1 int judgedirection = 4; //判断方向
2 void controlmove(); //控制移动和暂停
3 void controlmove()
4 {
5 if (getasynckeystate(vk_up) && 0x8000)
6 {
7 if (judgedirection == 2)
8 {
9 }
10 else
11 {
12 judgedirection = 1;
13 }
14 }
15 if (getasynckeystate(vk_down) && 0x8000)
16 {
17 if (judgedirection == 1)
18 {
19 }
20 else
21 {
22 judgedirection = 2;
23 }
24 }
25 if (getasynckeystate(vk_right) && 0x8000)
26 {
27 if (judgedirection == 3)
28 {
29 }
30 else
31 {
32 judgedirection = 4;
33 }
34 }
35 if (getasynckeystate(vk_left) && 0x8000)
36 {
37 if (judgedirection == 4)
38 {
39 }
40 else
41 {
42 judgedirection = 3;
43 }
44 }
45 if (getasynckeystate(vk_return) && 0x0d)//判断回车
46 {
47 while (1)
48 {
49 if (getasynckeystate(vk_return) && 0x0d)//再次回车退出死循环
50 {
51 break;
52 }
53 }
54 }
55 }
getasynckeystate（）确定用户当前是否按下了键盘上的一个键
8.显示分数和难度，更新分数和难度。
1 int sum = 0; //计算得分
2 int hard = 0; //计算难度
3 void showf(); //显分数以及难度
4 void showf()
5 {
6 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_blue);// 蓝
7 movecursor(33, 5);
8 printf("得分：%d", sum);
9 movecursor(33, 6);
10 printf("难度：%d", hard);
11 }
9.移动光标 ，游戏不闪的原因就是我们只绘制一次地图 然后用光标定点刷新目标点。
1 void movecursor(int x, int y); //移动光标
2 void movecursor(int x, int y)//设置光标位置(就是输出显示的开始位置)
3 {
4 coord pos = { x * 2,y };
5 handle output = getstdhandle(std_output_handle);//获得标准输出的句柄
6 setconsolecursorposition(output, pos); //设置光标位置
7 }
coord是windows api中定义的一种结构体
10.检测，检测是否吃到食物，是否撞墙，是否撞到自己。
1 void jfood(); //检测是否吃到食物
2 void jwall(); //检测蛇头是否撞墙
3 void jsnake(); //检测蛇头是否撞到蛇身
4 void jfood()
5 {
6 phead_1 = phead;
7 if (phead_1->x == food->x&&phead_1->y == food->y)
8 {
9 foodrand();
10 judgesum += 1;
11 if (judgesum == 5)
12 {
13 judgesum = 0;//如果judgesum等于5则从新判断
14 hard += 1;
15 pause -= 20000000;//每成立一次循环减少20000000
16 }
17 while (phead_1->next != null)
18 {
19 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
20 }
21 snakebody *s = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));
22 s->x = food->x;
23 s->y = food->y;
24 s->next = null;
25 phead_1->next = s;
26 controlmove();
27 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
28 printf
29 }
30 //获取食物的坐标和蛇头做对比
31 }
32 void jwall()
33 {
34 if (phead->x == 0 || phead->x == 29 || phead->y == 0 || phead->y == 19)
35 {
36 movecursor(10, 20);
37 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red);//设置红色
38 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
39 system("pause>nul");
40 exit(0);
41 }
42 }
43 void jsnake()
44 {
45 phead_1 = phead->next;
46 while (phead_1->next != null)
47 {
48 if ((phead->x == phead_1->x) && (phead->y == phead_1->y))
49 {
50 movecursor(10, 20);
51 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red);//设置红色
52 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
53 system("pause>nul");
54 exit(0);
55 }
56 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
57 }
58 }
11.游戏循环
1 void move(); //游戏运行
2 void move()
3 {
4 while (1)
5 {
6 phead_1 = phead;
7 while (phead_1->next->next != null)
8 {
9 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
10 }
11 phead_1->next = null;
12 for (int i = 0; i < pause; i++) {}
13 controlmove();
14 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
15 empty
16 //上面为消除尾部
17 snakebody *phead_2 = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));
18 if (*pj == 1)
19 {
20 phead_2->x = phead->x;
21 phead_2->y = phead->y - 1;
22 }
23 if (*pj == 2)
24 {
25 phead_2->x = phead->x;
26 phead_2->y = phead->y + 1;
27 }
28 if (*pj == 3)
29 {
30 phead_2->x = phead->x - 1;
31 phead_2->y = phead->y;
32 }
33 if (*pj == 4)
34 {
35 phead_2->x = phead->x + 1;
36 phead_2->y = phead->y;
37 }
38 phead_2->next = phead;
39 phead = phead_2;
40 movecursor(phead_2->x, phead_2->y);
41 printf
42 jfood();
43 jwall();
44 jsnake();
45 movecursor(40, 20);
46 }
47 }
12.释放内存
1 void free(); //释放内存
2 void free()
3 {
4 while (phead->next != null)
5 {
6 phead = phead->next;
7 free(phead);
8 }
9 free(phead);
10 }
附录：完整代码
1 #include<stdio.h>
2 #include<time.h>
3 #include<windows.h>
4 #define height 20 //设置地图高度
5 #define width 40 //设置地图宽度
6 #define printf printf("■");
7 #define line printf("\n");
8 #define empty printf(" ");
9 typedef struct snakebody
10 {
11 int x, y;//身体的坐标
12 struct snakebody *next;//结构指针
13 }snakebody;//先来创建保持身体的链表，贪吃蛇的核心代码就是该如何保存蛇的身体
14 typedef struct snakexy
15 {
16 int x;
17 int y;
18 }snakexy; //记录食物坐标
19 int sum = 0; //计算得分
20 int judgesum = 0; //判断是否加快
21 int hard = 0; //计算难度
22 int pause = 200000000; //暂停速度(移动速度)
23 int judgedirection = 4; //判断方向
24 int * pj = &judgedirection; //用指针传值判断移动方向
25 snakebody *phead = null; //存储着整个蛇身 不可更改
26 snakebody *phead_1 = null; //指向蛇身
27 snakebody *pbady = null; //创建节点
28 snakebody *end = null; //尾节点
29 snakexy * food = null; //保存食物位置
30 void front(); //游戏开始页面1
31 void jfood(); //检测是否吃到食物1
32 void jwall(); //检测蛇头是否撞墙1
33 void jsnake(); //检测蛇头是否撞到蛇身1
34 void isnake(); //初始化蛇身1
35 void deawmap(); //绘制地图1
36 void foodrand(); //生成食物1
37 void controlmove(); //控制移动和暂停1
38 void movecursor(int x, int y); //移动光标1
39 void move(); //游戏运行1
40 void showf(); //显分数以及难度1
41 void free(); //释放内存
42 int main()
43 {
44 front();
45 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_green);//绿
46 deawmap();
47 showf();
48 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity);// 暗白
49 movecursor(34, 10);
50 printf("↑");
51 movecursor(31, 11);
52 printf("使用←↓→来控制");
53 movecursor(31, 12);
54 printf("蛇的移动，撞墙游");
55 movecursor(31, 13);
56 printf("戏结束，每5分增 ");
57 movecursor(31, 14);
58 printf("一个难度(速度)");
59 isnake();
60 foodrand();
61 movecursor(40, 20);
62 move();
63 return 0;
64 }
65 void front()
66 {
67 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red | foreground_blue);//设置红色和蓝色相加
68 movecursor(18, 15);
69 printf("请等待......");
70 for (int i = 0; i <= 3000000000; i++) {}
71 system("cls");
72 }
73 void deawmap()
74 {
75 for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)printf line //上边框
76 for (int i = 1; i < height - 1; i++) //打印左右边框
77 {
78 for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
79 {
80 if (j == 0 || j == width - 1 || j == width - 10)
81 {
82 printf
83 if (j == width - 1)line
84 }
85 else empty
86 }
87 }
88 for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)printf line //下边框
89 }
90 void movecursor(int x, int y)//设置光标位置(就是输出显示的开始位置)
91 {
92 /* coord是windows api中定义的一种结构体
93 * typedef struct _coord
94 * {
95 * short x;
96 * short y;
97 * } coord;
98 * */
99 coord pos = { x * 2,y };
100 handle output = getstdhandle(std_output_handle);//获得 标准输出的句柄
101 setconsolecursorposition(output, pos); //设置控制台光标位置
102 }
103 void foodrand()
104 {
105 srand((int)time(0));
106 int x = rand() % 27 + 2;
107 int y = rand() % 17 + 2;
108 phead_1 = phead;
109 for (int i = 0; i <= 200; i++)
110 {
111 if (phead_1->x == x && phead_1->y == y)
112 {
113 x = rand() % 27 + 2;
114 y = rand() % 17 + 2;
115 }
116 else
117 {
118 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
119 }
120 if (phead_1->next == null)
121 {
122 break;
123 }
124 }
125 movecursor(x, y);
126 printf
127 food = (snakexy*)malloc(sizeof(snakexy));
128 food->x = x;
129 food->y = y;
130 movecursor(33, 5);
131 printf(" ");
132 showf();
133 sum++;
134 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity);// 蓝
135 }
136 void controlmove()
137 {
138 if (getasynckeystate(vk_up) && 0x8000)
139 {
140 if (judgedirection == 2)
141 {
142 }
143 else
144 {
145 judgedirection = 1;
146 }
147 }
148 if (getasynckeystate(vk_down) && 0x8000)
149 {
150 if (judgedirection == 1)
151 {
152 }
153 else
154 {
155 judgedirection = 2;
156 }
157 }
158 if (getasynckeystate(vk_right) && 0x8000)
159 {
160 if (judgedirection == 3)
161 {
162 }
163 else
164 {
165 judgedirection = 4;
166 }
167 }
168 if (getasynckeystate(vk_left) && 0x8000)
169 {
170 if (judgedirection == 4)
171 {
172 }
173 else
174 {
175 judgedirection = 3;
176 }
177 }
178 if (getasynckeystate(vk_return) && 0x0d)
179 {
180 while (1)
181 {
182 if (getasynckeystate(vk_return) && 0x0d)
183 {
184 break;
185 }
186 }
187 }
188 }
189 void isnake()
190 {
191 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
192 {
193 pbady = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));
194 pbady->x = 5 - i;
195 pbady->y = 5;
196 if (phead == null)
197 {
198 phead = pbady;
199 }
200 else
201 {
202 end->next = pbady;
203 }
204 pbady->next = null;
205 end = pbady;
206 }
207 phead_1 = phead;
208 while (phead_1->next != null)
209 {
210 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
211 printf
212 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
213 }
214 }
215 void move()
216 {
217 while (1)
218 {
219 phead_1 = phead;
220 while (phead_1->next->next != null)
221 {
222 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
223 }
224 phead_1->next = null;
225 for (int i = 0; i < pause; i++) {}
226 controlmove();
227 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
228 empty
229 //上面为消除尾部
230 snakebody *phead_2 = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));
231 if (*pj == 1)
232 {
233 phead_2->x = phead->x;
234 phead_2->y = phead->y - 1;
235 }
236 if (*pj == 2)
237 {
238 phead_2->x = phead->x;
239 phead_2->y = phead->y + 1;
240 }
241 if (*pj == 3)
242 {
243 phead_2->x = phead->x - 1;
244 phead_2->y = phead->y;
245 }
246 if (*pj == 4)
247 {
248 phead_2->x = phead->x + 1;
249 phead_2->y = phead->y;
250 }
251 phead_2->next = phead;
252 phead = phead_2;
253 movecursor(phead_2->x, phead_2->y);
254 printf
255 jfood();
256 jwall();
257 jsnake();
258 movecursor(40, 20);
259 }
260 }
261 void jfood()
262 {
263 phead_1 = phead;
264 if (phead_1->x == food->x&&phead_1->y == food->y)
265 {
266 foodrand();
267 judgesum += 1;
268 if (judgesum == 5)
269 {
270 judgesum = 0;
271 hard += 1;
272 pause -= 20000000;
273 }
274 while (phead_1->next != null)
275 {
276 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
277 }
278 snakebody *s = (snakebody*)malloc(sizeof(snakebody));
279 s->x = food->x;
280 s->y = food->y;
281 s->next = null;
282 phead_1->next = s;
283 controlmove();
284 movecursor(phead_1->x, phead_1->y);
285 printf
286 }
287 //获取食物的坐标和蛇头做对比
288 }
289 void jwall()
290 {
291 if (phead->x == 0 || phead->x == 29 || phead->y == 0 || phead->y == 19)
292 {
293 movecursor(10, 20);
294 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red);//设置红色
295 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
296 system("pause>nul");
297 exit(0);
298 }
299 }
300 void jsnake()
301 {
302 phead_1 = phead->next;
303 while (phead_1->next != null)
304 {
305 if ((phead->x == phead_1->x) && (phead->y == phead_1->y))
306 {
307 movecursor(10, 20);
308 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_intensity | foreground_red);//设置红色
309 printf("抱歉，你撞到了自己，游戏结束! ");
310 system("pause>nul");
311 exit(0);
312 }
313 phead_1 = phead_1->next;
314 }
315 }
316 void showf()
317 {
318 setconsoletextattribute(getstdhandle(std_output_handle), foreground_blue);// 蓝
319 movecursor(33, 5);
320 printf("得分：%d", sum);
321 movecursor(33, 6);
322 printf("难度：%d", hard);
323 }
324 void free()
325 {
326 while (phead->next != null)
327 {
328 phead = phead->next;
329 free(phead);
330 }
331 free(phead);
332 }